In response to a burn injury, skin can have an inflammatory response characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of immune cells, containment of invading organisms, and clearance of noxious substances from the wound. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) is a molecule that is capable of coordinating all 4 functions; we previously found evidence that suggested that LBP is produced within surgical wounds. Because of the central role of LBP in the response to bacterial infection, as well as in the high rate of infection after burn injuries, we sought to determine whether a thermal injury could affect wound LBP production and thereby affect host responses against bacterial infection. Rats were given either a burn or a sham burn and were killed 24, 48, and 72 hours after the injuries. Wound specimens were assayed for bacterial counts and for the presence of LBP, messenger (m)RNA, and interleukin (IL)-1beta mRNA. Wound LBP mRNA was significantly upregulated at 24 hours in the group with burn injuries (P < .05; burn vs sham burn); this was followed by decreases at 48 and 72 hours. Immunohistochemistry showed LBP protein in the epidermis of animals with burns. Bacterial counts increased in the group with burn injuries (P < .05; burn vs sham burn) and continued to rise for 72 hours. IL-1beta mRNA levels were elevated at all time points in the group with burn injuries (P < .05). These results suggest an inverse correlation between burn wound LBP expression and bacterial wound counts. This failure to maintain local LBP production after severe thermal injury despite localized inflammation shown by high IL-1beta levels may predispose local wounds to bacterial invasion.