Purpose: Patients starting warfarin often experience lengthy dose-titration periods, when they are at high risk for bleeding and thromboembolism. However, relatively little is known about why some patients take longer than others to reach maintenance dose. Thus, we sought to identify social, clinical, and genetic factors associated with prolonged time to maintenance dose (TTM).
Methods: We conducted a time-to-event analysis, using a prospective cohort of patients initiating warfarin (N = 390). Additionally, we examined whether changes in post-initiation factors were associated with TTM. Finally, we performed a secondary analysis in a subcohort (N = 156) assessing the effect of adherence on TTM.
Results: No genetic or post-initiation factors were significantly associated with TTM. However, previous use of warfarin [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46, 0.88], current smoking status (HR = 0.61; 95%CI 0.39, 0.96), fewer than four doctor's visits in the previous year (HR = 0.63 vs 4-12 visits; 95%CI 0.46, 0.88), and worse general health status (HR = 0.63; 95%CI 0.47, 0.84) were significantly associated with longer TTM. Use of illegal injectable drugs (HR = 2.51; 95%CI 1.17, 5.39) was associated with shorter TTM. On secondary analysis, the HR for better adherence and TTM was 1.70 (95%CI 0.88, 3.27).
Conclusions: Time to maintenance dose was associated with pre-existing behavioral factors, health care utilization, and health quality but not clinical comorbidities or genetic factors in patients initiating warfarin. Future studies are needed to determine whether warfarin patients with prolonged TTM would have better outcomes on alternative agents.
Keywords: pharmacoepidemiology; pharmacogenetics; race; survival analysis; treatment effectiveness; warfarin.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.