1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan. Electronic address: cookecr@umich.edu.
2 Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA Hospital; The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
3 The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Health Services Research and Development and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.