Objectives: Surgical simulation is an increasingly important method to facilitate the acquiring of surgical skills. Simulation can be helpful in developing hip fracture fixation skills because it is a common procedure for which performance can be objectively assessed [ie, the tip-apex distance (TAD)]. The procedure requires fluoroscopic guidance to drill a wire along an osseous trajectory to a precise position within bone. The objective of this study was to assess the construct validity for a novel radiation-free simulator designed to teach wire navigation skills in hip fracture fixation.
Methods: Novices (n = 30) with limited to no surgical experience in hip fracture fixation and experienced surgeons (n = 10) participated. Participants drilled a guide wire in the center-center position of a synthetic femoral head in a hip fracture simulator, using electromagnetic sensors to track the guide-wire position. Sensor data were gathered to generate fluoroscopic-like images of the hip and guide wire. Simulator performance of novice and experienced participants was compared to measure construct validity.
Results: The simulator was able to discriminate the accuracy in guide-wire position between novices and experienced surgeons. Experienced surgeons achieved a more accurate TAD than novices (13 vs. 23 mm, respectively, P = 0.009). The magnitude of improvement on successive simulator attempts was dependent on the level of expertise; TAD improved significantly in the novice group, whereas it was unchanged in the experienced group.
Conclusions: This hybrid reality, radiation-free hip fracture simulator, which combines real-world objects with computer-generated imagery, demonstrates construct validity by distinguishing the performance of novices and experienced surgeons. There is a differential effect depending on the level of experience, and it could be used as an effective training tool in novice surgeons.