1 Surgical Outcomes and Applied Research Program, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Surgical Outcomes and Applied Research Program, Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO Surgical Outcomes and Applied Research Program, Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO Surgical Outcomes and Applied Research Program, Adult and Child Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.