Identifiability and perceived urgency were compared for two sets of alarms in a healthcare inpatient setting. One contained currently used alarms where possible, with new sounds added as needed. The other was designed together, was more heterogenous, used timbre to encode intended similarities and explicitly encoded intended urgency across the set. Twenty nurses reported the identity and perceived urgency of the sounds in each set. Participants correctly identified the sound (0.89 vs. 0.77) and alarm category (0.93 vs. 0.82) more often in the new set than in the baseline set. In addition, multiple sounds in the new set were more identifiable. The new sounds also had a larger range of perceived urgency and better urgency match. The results indicate that timbre is well-suited to encode alarm groupings in larger alarm sets and that this, along with increased heterogeneity and explicit urgency mapping, improves alarm set performance. Practitioner summary: Clinical alarms are frequently misidentified. We found that making alarms more acoustically rich, using timbre to convey alarm groups, and explicitly encoding intended urgency improved identifiability and urgency match. These findings can be used to improve alarm performance across all safety-critical industries.
Keywords: Alarms and warnings; health care ergonomics; human-machine systems; patient safety; sound and noise.