1 Penn Medicine Center for Digital Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. daniel.stokes@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
2 Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. daniel.stokes@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
3 Penn Medicine Center for Digital Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
4 Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
5 Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.