Sleep Efficiency and Total Sleep Time in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Insomnia Symptoms

Mohammed M Alshehri; Abdulaziz A Alkathiry; Aqeel M Alenazi; Shaima A Alothman; Jason L Rucker; Milind A Phadnis; John M Miles; Patricia M Kluding; Catherine F Siengsukon

doi:10.1155/2020/5950375

Sleep Efficiency and Total Sleep Time in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Insomnia Symptoms

Sleep Disord. 2020 Jul 17:2020:5950375. doi: 10.1155/2020/5950375. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Mohammed M Alshehri^{1

2}, Abdulaziz A Alkathiry³, Aqeel M Alenazi⁴, Shaima A Alothman¹, Jason L Rucker¹, Milind A Phadnis⁵, John M Miles⁶, Patricia M Kluding¹, Catherine F Siengsukon¹

Affiliations

¹ Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
² Physical Therapy Department, Jazan University, Jazan City, Southern Region, Saudi Arabia.
³ Physical Therapy Department, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Central Region, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Physical Therapy Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj City, Central Region, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
⁶ Endocrinology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.

Abstract

There is increasing awareness of the high prevalence of insomnia symptoms in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Past studies have established the importance of measuring sleep parameters using measures of central tendency and variability. Additionally, subjective and objective methods involve different constructs due to the discrepancies between the two approaches. Therefore, this study is aimed at comparing the averages of sleep parameters in individuals with T2D with and without insomnia symptoms and comparing the variability of sleep parameters in these individuals. This study assessed the between-group differences in the averages and variability of sleep efficiency (SE) and total sleep time (TST) of 59 participants with T2D with and without insomnia symptoms. Actigraph measurements and sleep diaries were used to assess sleep parameter averages and variabilities calculated by the coefficient of variation across 7 nights. Mann-Whitney U tests were utilized to compare group differences in the outcomes. Validated instruments were used to assess the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and pain as covariates. Objective SE was found to be statistically lower on average (85.98 ± 4.29) and highly variable (5.88 ± 2.57) for patients with T2D and insomnia symptoms than in those with T2D only (90.23 ± 6.44 and 3.82 ± 2.05, respectively). The subjective average and variability of SE were also worse in patients with T2D and insomnia symptoms, with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and pain potentially playing a role in this difference. TST did not significantly differ between the groups on averages or in variability even after controlling for age and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and pain. Future studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of worse averages and variability of SE in individuals with T2D and insomnia symptoms. Additionally, prompting the associated risk factors of insomnia symptoms in individuals with T2D might be warranted.