Association of income and educational attainment in hospitalization events in atrial fibrillation

Tarryn Tertulien; Yimin Chen; Andrew D Althouse; Utibe R Essien; Amber Johnson; Jared W Magnani

doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100201

Association of income and educational attainment in hospitalization events in atrial fibrillation

Am J Prev Cardiol. 2021 Jun 1:7:100201. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100201. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Authors

Tarryn Tertulien¹, Yimin Chen¹, Andrew D Althouse², Utibe R Essien^{2

3}, Amber Johnson^{2

4}, Jared W Magnani^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
² Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
³ Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
⁴ Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United States.

Abstract

Objective: Social determinants contribute to adverse outcomes in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular conditions. However, their investigation in atrial fibrillation (AF) remains limited. We examined the associations between annual income and educational attainment with risk of hospitalization in individuals with AF receiving care in a regional health care system. We hypothesized that individuals with lower income and lower education would have an increased risk of hospitalization.

Methods: We enrolled a cohort of individuals with prevalent AF from an ambulatory setting. We related annual income (≤$19,999/year; $20,000-49,000/year; $50,000-99,999/year; ≥$100,000/year) and educational attainment (high school/vocational; some college; Bachelor's; graduate) to hospitalization events in multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, using the Andersen-Gill model to account for the potential of participants to have multiple events.

Results: In 339 individuals with AF (age 72.3 ± 10.1 years; 43% women) followed for median 2.6 years (range 0-3.4 years), we observed 417 hospitalization events. We identified an association between both income and educational attainment and hospitalization risk. In multivariable-adjusted analyses which included educational attainment individuals in the lowest annual income category (≤19,999/year) had 2.0-fold greater hospitalization risk than those in the highest (≥100,000/year; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.08-4.09; p = 0.03). In multivariable-adjusted analyses without adjustment for income, those in the lowest educational attainment category (high school/vocational) had a 2-fold increased risk of hospitalization relative to the highest (graduate-level; 95% CI 1.12-3.54, p = 0.02). However, this association between education and events was attenuated with further adjustment for income (95% CI 0.97-3.15, p = 0.06).

Conclusions: We identified relationships between income and education and prospective risk of hospitalization risk in AF. Our findings support the consideration of social determinants in evaluating and treating socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals with AF to reduce hospitalization risk.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Education; Hospitalization; Income; Risk.

Abstract

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