1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address: valleyt@umich.edu.
2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT.
4 Health Services Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
5 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
6 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
7 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
8 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.