Self-regulating novel iron oxide nanoparticle-based magnetic hyperthermia in swine: biocompatibility, biodistribution, and safety assessments

Abstract

Studies demonstrating the successful and safe application of magnetic hyperthermia in large animals are scarce. A therapeutic approach for advanced cancer comprising multicore encapsulated iron oxide (IO) Sarah Nanoparticles (SaNPs), that uniquely self-regulate their temperature, was developed thus overcoming the safety challenges of hyperthermia. SaNPs are intravenously injected and accumulate in tumor tissue, leading to selective heating upon exposure to an external alternating magnetic field (AMF). A series of studies were conducted in healthy swine to assess SaNPs' safety, alone or combined with AMF application. Administration of single high (up to 22 mg IO/kg) or low (3.6 mg IO/kg) SaNP doses had no adverse effects, including no infusion reactions. Vital signs remained stable with no significant clinical pathology changes, and no treatment-associated toxicities. Biodistribution analysis indicated that SaNPs predominantly accumulate in the lungs and clear in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In minipigs that received a single SaNP no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL)-based dose (3.6 mg IO/kg) with AMF, the average percentage remaining in vital organs after 90 days was 13.7%. No noticeable clinical signs were noted during the 87 to 92-day observation period following irradiation, and no inflammation, necrosis, nor thermal damage were found in the histopathology evaluation. In another minipig, ~ 90 days after three recurrent high doses (14 mg IO/kg), without AMF, almost half of the injected SaNPs were cleared with no residual detrimental effects. We demonstrate that the approach is safe and well tolerated in swine, opening potential avenues as a novel therapeutic modality for cancer patients.

Keywords: Alternating magnetic field (AMF); Biodistribution; Complement; Hyperthermia; Magnetic nanoparticles; Safety.