Purpose: Disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been described. This review includes the most recent literature on existing diagnostic and treatment disparities in the United States and proposes practical clinical and policy ideas for improving the gap in the treatment of DTC. Methodology: We performed a comprehensive literature review to include key articles related to DTC and disparities of treatment, diagnosis, and outcomes for disadvantaged patient populations. Results: Vulnerable patient populations with DTC have been extensively studied, and the literature shows that clear disparities of diagnosis and treatment exist. Socioeconomically disadvantaged patients, uninsured, rural, elderly, and patients belonging to minoritized racial and ethnic groups are more likely to present with advanced disease at presentation. These same vulnerable patient populations are less likely to have access to high-volume surgeons, less likely to be treated according to guidelines, and receive less aggressive treatment (such as radioactive iodine) compared with white patients. Further, these patients experience financial toxicity more so than their counterparts. Conclusions: Disparities of care exist for certain vulnerable patient populations with DTC. Approaches to rectify these should be multipronged and involve improving access to high-volume specialists with ongoing use of telehealth consults, language concordant care, an emphasis on guideline-directed therapies, ensuring continuity of care and long-term follow-up with better community partnerships, engage diverse patients in national guideline-writing committees of prominent societies and reducing the financial burden of cancer treatments at the state and national policy level.
Keywords: differentiated thyroid cancer; disparities; equity; insurance status; race; radioactive iodine; sex; surgical treatment.