1 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA anjalid@stanford.edu.
2 Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
4 Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
5 CAPER Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
6 Research Affiliate Department of Anesthesiology, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
7 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
8 Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.