Background: Cisgender women in Kenya are at elevated risk of HIV acquisition during pregnancy and post partum. Acute HIV infection during pregnancy and breastfeeding accounts for approximately one-third of all vertical HIV transmissions. The World Health Organization recommends offering oral tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to pregnant and postpartum women who are HIV negative but at substantial and ongoing risk for HIV acquisition. PrEP delivery for pregnant and postpartum women is expanding within routine maternal child health clinics in Kenya. However, approximately half of pregnant women discontinue PrEP within 30 days of initiation. Therefore, it is crucial to develop PrEP adherence strategies that enhance support for adherence when peripartum events and health issues pose challenges to sustaining PrEP adherence.
Objective: We are conducting a randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of a bidirectional communication platform named Mobile Solutions for Women's and Children's Health (mWACh), which utilizes two-way SMS text messaging between patients and remote nurses to support PrEP adherence and address maternal health concerns in real time during the peripartum period.
Methods: The mWACh-PrEP study is a randomized trial designed to support PrEP adherence during the peripartum period by comparing mWACh-PrEP to the standard of care (ie, in-clinic adherence counseling) among women who are HIV negative and initiating PrEP. Purposive sampling was used to select 5 facilities offering PrEP in antenatal clinics in Kisumu and Siaya Counties, and block randomization will be used to divide participants into groups. Participants in the intervention arm will receive a customized messaging curriculum via SMS text messages targeted toward their particular perinatal stage. The primary outcome, PrEP adherence at 6 months post partum, will be evaluated using a log-binomial regression model, adjusting for imbalanced baseline characteristics. Based on a previous study of directly observed dosing conditions, we will use a hair tenofovir concentration cutoff of 0.038 ng/mg (corresponding to 7 doses/week) as the primary adherence outcome measured at 6 months post partum (binary outcome). Qualitative interviews and cost-effective analyses will be conducted to understand the feasibility, acceptability, and economic impact of the intervention.
Results: Enrollment began in March 2022 and is projected to continue until July 2023, with follow-up through March 2024. The study results are expected to be reported in 2025.
Conclusions: This trial will provide insights into using mobile health to enhance PrEP adherence among pregnant and postpartum mothers. Additionally, the findings will have implications for the use of mobile health technology to improve adherence to other daily medications during the peripartum period.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04472884; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04472884.
International registered report identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/41170.
Keywords: HIV; HIV prevention; PrEP adherence; RCT; SMS; adherence; breastfeeding; mHealth; maternal; mobile health; mobile technology; patient-provider; peripartum; postpartum; pre-exposure prophylaxis; pregnancy; pregnant; prevention; randomized; text message; text messaging.
©Jerusha Nyabiage Mogaka, Felix Abuna Otieno, Eunita Akim, Kristin Beima-Sofie, Julia Dettinger, Lauren Gomez, Mary Marwa, Ben Odhiambo, Kenneth Ngure, Keshet Ronen, Monisha Sharma, Grace John-Stewart, Barbra Richardson, Joshua Stern, Jennifer Unger, Jenna Udren, Salphine Watoyi, Jilian Pintye, John Kinuthia. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 30.01.2023.