Disparities in opioid use disorder-related hospital use among postpartum Virginia Medicaid members

Abstract

Introduction: The overdose crisis is increasingly revealing disparities in opioid use disorder (OUD) outcomes by race and ethnicity. Virginia, like other states, has witnessed drastic increases in overdose deaths. However, research has not described how the overdose crisis has impacted pregnant and postpartum Virginians. We report the prevalence of OUD-related hospital use during the first year postpartum among Virginia Medicaid members in the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic. We secondarily assess how prenatal OUD treatment is associated with postpartum OUD-related hospital use.

Methods: This population-level retrospective cohort study used Virginia Medicaid claims data for live infant deliveries between July 2016 and June 2019. The primary outcome of OUD-related hospital use included overdose events, emergency department visits, and acute inpatient stays. Independent variables of interest were prenatal receipt of medication for OUD (MOUD) and receipt of non-MOUD treatment components in line with a comprehensive care approach (e.g., case management, behavioral health). Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed for all deliveries and stratified by White and Black non-Hispanic individuals to bring attention to the devastating impacts of the overdose crisis within communities of color.

Results: The study sample included 96,649 deliveries. Over a third were by Black birthing individuals (n = 34,283). Prenatally, 2.5 % had evidence of OUD, which occurred more often among White (4 %) than Black (0.8 %) non-Hispanic birthing individuals. Postpartum OUD-related hospital use occurred in 10.7 % of deliveries with OUD, more commonly after deliveries by Black, non-Hispanic birthing individuals with OUD (16.5 %) than their White, non-Hispanic counterparts (9.7 %), and this disparity persisted in the multivariable analysis (Black AOR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.14-2.36). Postpartum OUD-related hospital events were less frequent for individuals receiving versus not receiving postpartum MOUD within 30 days prior to the event. Prenatal OUD treatment, including MOUD, was not associated with decreased odds of postpartum OUD-related hospital use in the race-stratified models.

Conclusion: Postpartum individuals with OUD are at high risk for mortality and morbidity, especially Black individuals not receiving MOUD after delivery. An urgent need remains to effectively address the systemic and structural drivers of racial disparities in transitions of OUD care through the one-year postpartum period.

Keywords: Health disparities; Maternal morbidity and mortality; Medications for opioid use disorder; Opioid use disorder; Postpartum.