Background: Prolonged postoperative opioid use (PPOU) is considered an unfavorable post-surgical outcome. Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors have been associated with PPOU, but methods to prospectively identify patients at increased risk are lacking.
Objectives: Our objective was to determine whether an individual or a combination of several psychological factors could identify a subset of patients at increased risk for PPOU.
Study design: Observational cohort study with prospective baseline data collection and passive outcomes data collection.
Setting: A single VA medical center in the United States.
Methods: Patients were recruited from a preoperative anesthesia clinic where they were undergoing evaluation prior to elective surgery, and they completed a survey before surgery. The primary outcome was PPOU, defined as outpatient receipt of a prescribed opioid 31 to 90 days after surgery as determined from pharmacy records. Primary covariates of interest were pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and optimism. Additional covariates included social and demographic factors, pain severity, medication use, depression, anxiety, and surgical fear.
Results: Of 123 patients included in the final analyses, 30 (24.4%) had PPOU. In bivariate analyses, preoperative opioid use and preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use were significantly associated with PPOU. The combination of high pain catastrophizing and high preoperative pain (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.41 - 7.79) was associated with higher odds of PPOU than either alone, and the association remained significant after adjusting for preoperative opioid use (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.04 - 6.29).
Limitations: Patients were recruited from a single site, and the sample was not large enough to include potentially important variables such as procedure type.
Conclusions: A combination of high pain catastrophizing and high preoperative pain has the potential to be a clinically useful means of identifying patients at elevated risk of PPOU.
Keywords: opioid prescribing; pain catastrophizing; postoperative opioids; preoperative evaluation; Postoperative pain.