Immunologic and Autoimmune-Related Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Clinical Symptoms and Mechanisms of Disease

Akshara Ramasamy; Chumeng Wang; W Michael Brode; Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez; Esther Melamed

doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2023.04.004

Immunologic and Autoimmune-Related Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Clinical Symptoms and Mechanisms of Disease

Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2023 Aug;34(3):623-642. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2023.04.004. Epub 2023 Apr 11.

Authors

Akshara Ramasamy¹, Chumeng Wang¹, W Michael Brode², Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez³, Esther Melamed⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
² Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
³ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7798, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Health Discovery Building, 1601 Trinity Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: Esther.melamed@austin.utexas.edu.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant number of people developing long-term health effects of postacute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Both acute COVID-19 and PASC are now recognized as multiorgan diseases with multiple symptoms and disease causes. The development of immune dysregulation during acute COVID-19 and PASC is of high epidemiologic concern. Both conditions may also be influenced by comorbid conditions such as pulmonary dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, neuropsychiatric conditions, prior autoimmune conditions and cancer. This review discusses the clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, and risk factors that affect both acute COVID-19 and PASC.

Keywords: Autoimmunity; COVID-19; Clinical symptoms; Comorbid conditions; Disease mechanism; PASC.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

COVID-19*
Humans
Pandemics
Risk Factors
SARS-CoV-2