Impact of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) health center investments on disadvantaged neighborhoods after recession

Elizabeth L Tung; Nour Asfour; Joshua D Bolton; Elbert S Huang; Calvin Zhang; Luc Anselin

doi:10.1186/s13561-024-00482-x

Impact of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) health center investments on disadvantaged neighborhoods after recession

Health Econ Rev. 2024 Jan 31;14(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s13561-024-00482-x.

Authors

Elizabeth L Tung^{1

2

3}, Nour Asfour⁴, Joshua D Bolton⁵, Elbert S Huang^{4

6}, Calvin Zhang⁷, Luc Anselin⁷

Affiliations

¹ Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA. eliztung@uchicago.edu.
² Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA. eliztung@uchicago.edu.
³ Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. eliztung@uchicago.edu.
⁴ Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
⁵ Bureau of Primary Health Care at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (at the time of authorship), Rockville, MD, USA.
⁶ Center for Chronic Disease Research and Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷ Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Abstract

Background: Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are integral to the U.S. healthcare safety net and uniquely situated in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) invested $2 billion in FQHC stimulus during the Great Recession; but it remains unknown whether this investment was associated with extended benefits for disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Methods: We used a propensity-score matched longitudinal design (2008-2012) to examine whether the 2009 ARRA FQHC investment was associated with local jobs and establishments recovery in FQHC neighborhoods. Job change data were obtained from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) survey and calculated as an annual rate per 1,000 population. Establishment change data were obtained from the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA) and calculated as an annual rate per 10,000 population. Establishment data included 4 establishment types: healthcare services, eating/drinking places, retail establishments, and grocery stores. Fixed effects were used to compare annual rates of jobs and establishments recovery between ARRA-funded FQHC census tracts and a matched control group.

Results: Of 50,381 tracts, 2,223 contained ≥ 1 FQHC that received ARRA funding. A higher proportion of FQHC tracts had an extreme poverty designation (11.6% vs. 5.4%), high unemployment rate (45.4% vs. 30.3%), and > 50% minority racial/ethnic composition (48.1% vs. 36.3%). On average, jobs grew at an annual rate of 3.84 jobs per 1,000 population (95% CI: 3.62,4.06). In propensity-score weighted models, jobs in ARRA-funded tracts grew at a higher annual rate of 4.34 per 1,000 (95% CI: 2.56,6.12) relative to those with similar social vulnerability. We observed persistent decline in non-healthcare establishments (-1.35 per 10,000; 95% CI: -1.68,-1.02); but did not observe decline in healthcare establishments.

Conclusions: Direct funding to HCs may be an effective strategy to support healthcare establishments and some jobs recovery in disadvantaged neighborhoods during recession, reinforcing the important multidimensional roles HCs play in these communities. However, HCs may benefit from additional investments that target upstream determinants of health to mitigate uneven recovery and neighborhood decline.

Keywords: Federally-qualified health centers; Local economies; Neighborhood disadvantage; Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage; Recession.

Abstract

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