1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 800 Spruce Street, 2 Pine East, Philadelphia, PA 19107; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: Rebecca.feldmanhamm@uphs.upenn.edu.
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
3 Mixed Methods Research Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
5 Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.